View source for Enhance Treatment and Recovery Support During Incarceration

= Introductory Paragraph =

<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Research has shown that a vast amount of the inmate population, on both the state and federal level, suffer from substance use disorder, a psychological disorder, or a combination of the two. Studies have shown that proper treatment during incarceration that is followed through to post release, significantly lowers their risk for relapse, criminality, inmate misconduct, and recidivism.</font></span>

= Key Information =



The Criminal Justice System has supported treatment during incarceration by offering&nbsp;<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">psychotherapy sessions, religious ministry meetings and 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous to inmates with substance use problems.&nbsp;<ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref></font></span>

While there is significant need for more availability, federal prisons offer a number of programs designed to assist inmates in overcoming a substance use disorder such as:

*'''<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Drug Abuse Education</font></span>''' 
**E<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ntails a series of classes that educate inmates on substance use disorder and the effects it has on your body and mind&nbsp;<ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref></font></span>   
*'''<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nonresidential Drug Abuse Treatment</font></span>''' 
**A<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">12 week CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy) program that is organized in group sessions</font></span> 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This program addresses criminal lifestyles while also giving inmates the opportunity to increase skills in the areas of rational thinking, communication, and institution to community adjustment</font></span> 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inmates that are enrolled in this program normally have short sentences, do not meet the Residential Drug Abuse Program, are waiting to be enrolled in RDAP, are in transition back into the community or have a positive urinalysis test&nbsp;</font></span><ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref>   
*'''<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)</font></span>''' 
**T<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he most intensive program that the Bureau provides</font></span> 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inmates in this program live in their own separate community from the rest of the population. Inmates take part in daily half-day programming and half-day of work, school, or vocational activities; this program is normally nine months in length</font></span> 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Research shows inmates that take part in RDAP are less likely to recidivate and relapse to drug use by significant amounts compared to those inmates who do not take part in RDAP&nbsp;</font></span><ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref>   
*'''<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Community Treatment Services (CTS)</font></span>''' 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Provides continued care to inmates who have been released and put into Residential Reentry Centers or on Home Confinement</font></span> 
**<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Evidence shows that the period after being released is the most vulnerable time for inmates to relapse back to drug use or criminal activity; continued treatment after release is vital to the success of the offender completing their treatment&nbsp;</font></span><ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref>

=== Benefits of Successful Prison Treatment Programs ===
<div><span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Well-designed prison treatment programs reduce relapse, criminality, inmate misconduct and recidivism — the likelihood that a convicted criminal will reoffend. They also increase levels of education, mend relationships, boost employment opportunities upon release and improve overall health.&nbsp;<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0414-z</ref></font></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Research shows that residential prison treatment is cost-effective if prisoners continue treatment after their release. The cost of treatment pales in comparison to the cost of incarceration. Rehab helps prisoners overcome drug use and reduces the economic burden of recidivism.&nbsp;</font></span><ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0414-z</ref></div>

Issues Affecting the Availability of Effective Treatment 

Overcrowding of Jails and Prisons

Overcrowding of jails and prisons is a leading factor as to why inmates with drug dependency problems are not enrolled in these programs. The overcrowding of jails leads to an increase in the length of the waiting lists to enter drug treatment programs. In addition to overcrowding, staff shortages and limited resources are part of the issue of low enrollment in drug treatment programs.<ref>https://www.alec.org/article/drug-treatment-programs-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons-exist-but-need-more-availability/</ref></font></span>

Need for Trauma-Informed Care

<span style="font-size:small;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Incarcerated prisoners are marked by considerable diversity, yet they share a common experience of incarceration. Prisons can be violent, harsh, psychologically damaging environments; incarcerated people live in an environment that is both depersonalizing and dehumanizing. Moreover, the social stigma associated with incarceration, combined with the depersonalizing effects of imprisonment, may result in a sense of hopelessness and powerlessness, as well as deeply internalized shame and guilt. Thus, in addition to treating substance abuse and other mental disorders, the consensus panel recommends that in-prison treatment also address the trauma of the incarceration itself as well as a prison culture that conflicts with treatment goals.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64123/</ref></font></span>

Training 

Residential Substance Abuse Training RSAT training and technical assistance tool

= Relevant Research =



Research has shown that treatment of substance abuse for those incarcerated provides the opportunity for recovery and decreased recidivism. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681083/</ref>


=Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies=

Several states are working to address the Opioid epidemic and embracing new strategies such as utilizing Medicaid 1115 Demonstration Waivers which increases provision of Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) to individuals in the criminal justice system. <ref> https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/medicaidfinancingmatreport_0.pdf</ref>

New York State passed legislation in 2015 to allow individuals Medication Assisted Therapy <ref>https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/S2161</ref> in diversion programs The legislation ensures those participating would not face charges due to MAT medications/drug screens. <ref>https://www.lac.org/assets/files/Medication-Assisted-Treatment-in-Drug-Courts-Recommended-Strategies.pdf </ref>


=Tools & Resources=

Residential Substance Abuse Training RSAT training and technical assistance tool. This provides training for correctional professionals.<ref> https://nicic.gov/training</ref>

Reentry resources for individuals, providers, communities and States <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/criminal_juvenile_justice/reentry-resources-for-consumers-providers-communities-states.pdf</ref>

Building an Offender Reentry Program: Guide for Law Enforcement  <ref>https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/Reentry_LE.pdf</ref>

Medication Assisted Treatment in Criminal Justice Systems: Guidance to the States <ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep19-matbriefcjs_0.pdf</ref>

Criminal Conduct & Substance Abuse Treatment: Strategies for Self-Improvement and Change Pathways to Responsible Living- Workbook for participants <ref>https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/criminal-conduct-substance-abuse-treatment-strategies-self</ref>

Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for criminal justice populations <ref>https://www.txwp.uscourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Recommended-Reading-Drug-Abuse-Treatment-for-Criminal-Justice-Populations.pdf</ref>

=Promising Practices=

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Medication Assisted Treatment – includes  a 2019 Pilot Program 
<ref>https://www.cor.pa.gov/Initiatives/Documents/Medication%20Assisted%20Treatment/Handout%20for%20MAT_For%20Offenders_2.0.png</ref>

= Sources =
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[[Category:SAFE-Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice]]