Difference between revisions of "Improve Reentry After Incarceration"

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=Introductory Paragraph =
=Introductory Paragraph =


This objective focuses specifically on improving the transition back into society for people with an SUD who have spent time incarcerated.  People who are returning to society are at a high risk to overdose and die because their tolerance to opioids is lower and taking the amount of opioids they have previously taken can lead to overdose and death. There are many steps that should be taken to help people move foreward with successful recovery rather than returning to using opioids and the higher chance of overdose.
There is a need to improve reentry after incarceration, because individuals with mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system face many obstacles in reintegrating into society. These obstacles may include challenges with access to health care, job skills, education, housing instability, and a lack of connection within the community. All of this increases hardship with recovery and may facilitate a SUD relapse, putting them back into the criminal justice system. <ref>https://tacqe.com/reentry-resources/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=reentry-resources</ref> This article describes some of the steps that can be taken to help people move forward with successful recovery.
 
*More than 50 percent of graduates of many prison treatment programs relapse within 12 months.<sup class="reference"><ref>[1]Inciardi, J. A., MartIn, S. S., & ButzIn, C. A. (2004). Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison. Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258874</ref></sup>
*Upon release from jail or prison, many people with mental or substance use disorders continue to lack access to services and, too often, become enmeshed in a cycle of costly justice system involvement<ref> [2]The Revolving Door of American’s Prisons.(2011). State of Recidivism, Retrieved December 5, 2019, from http://pew.org/1SIW19g</ref>
*An estimated 10-15 percent of the total state and federal prison population, approximately 200,000 people, are estimated to currently or historically have struggled with opioid dependence or abuse.<sup class="reference"><ref>[3]Mumola, C. J., & Karberg, J. C. (2006). Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004: (560272006-001) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.1037/e560272006-001</ref></sup>
*A study in Massachusetts showed that people with an OUD who were released from prison were up to 120 times more likely to die than&nbsp;??? (Get details. Healthcare for the Homeless presentation)


=Key Information=
=Key Information=


Individuals with mental and substance use disorders involved with the criminal justice system can face many obstacles after incarceration while reintegrating into society. These obstacles may include challenges with access to health care, relative job skills, education, housing instability, and a lack of connection within the community. The lack of support and obstacles could increase hardships with recovery and facilitate an increased relapse with SUD putting them back into the criminal justice systems.<ref>https://tacqe.com/reentry-resources/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=reentry-resources</ref>
People who are incarcerated and are returning to society have a high risk of overdose fatality because their tolerance to opioids is lower than it was prior to incarceration. An estimated 10-15 percent of the total state and federal prison population, approximately 200,000 people, struggle with opioid dependence or abuse. <ref>https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf</ref> Of incarcerated adults and juveniles with mental disorders, 60 to 75 percent have co-occurring substance abuse difficulties. <ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/022669.pdf</ref> More than 50 percent of graduates of many prison treatment programs relapse within 12 months. <ref>Inciardi, J. A., MartIn, S. S., & ButzIn, C. A. (2004). Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison. Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258874</ref> Upon release from jail or prison, many people with mental or substance use disorders continue to lack access to services and, too often, become enmeshed in a cycle of costly justice system involvement. <ref> The Revolving Door of American’s Prisons.(2011). State of Recidivism, Retrieved December 5, 2019, from http://pew.org/1SIW19g</ref> The social and economic benefits of people remaining substance-free and crime-free after re-entry are well-documented. However, reentry from incarceration to communities requires collaboration between correctional institutions, human services agencies, and communities to provide substance use and mental health services, as well as to enhance education, employment, and health care services. <ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/022669.pdf</ref>


=Relevant Research=


'''Potential Benefits'''
'''This cost/benefit analysis''' by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University found that only 11% of all inmates with addiction received any treatment during their incarceration. It also found that "if all inmates who needed treatment and aftercare received such services, the nation would break even in a year if just over 10% remained substance-free, crime-free, and employed. Thereafter, for each former inmate who remained substance-free, crime-free, and employed, the nation would reap an economic benefit of $90,953 per year." <ref>https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509000.pdf</ref>


Economic Benefits of People Remaining Substance-Free and Crime-Free after Re-entry
'''The National Institute of Justice''' at the US Department of Justice performed a meta-analysis of rehabilitation programs to support guidelines for effective practice. <ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedpractices/101#eb</ref>


A CASA Columbia report focused on 1996 to 2006 and "found that only 11% of all inmates with addiction received any treatment during their incarceration. The report found that if all inmates who needed treatment and aftercare received such services, the nation would break even in a year if just over 10% remained substance-free, crime-free and employed. Thereafter, for each former inmate who remained substance-free, crime-free and employed, the nation would reap an economic benefit of $90,953 per year."<ref>Substance Abuse & America’s Prison Population 2010 | Center on Addiction. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from https://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/reports/behind-bars-ii-substance-abuse-and-america%E2%80%99s-prison-population
'''The Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) Study''' is a report from the Urban Institute, John Jay College, and the National Institute of Corrections titled "Sustaining Systems Change: Findings from a Transition from Jail to Community Initiative Stakeholder Survey." The TJC Initiative sought to improve public safety and to enhance the success of individuals returning to the community from local jails through implementation of innovative, evidence-informed, transition models in four key areas: <ref>https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/sustaining-systems-change-findings-TJC-initiative-stakeholder</ref>
</ref>
*collaborative structures
*evidence-based targeted interventions
*data and self-evaluation
*sustainability mechanisms and capacity-building


=Relevant Research=
=Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies=
In this section, please capture any recent findings, reports, or data on the topic.  Please also highlight any gaps or existing disparities.  Please include references and links to the information so that we may add a footnote for the reader to find further information.  Do we have any available research about discriminatory practices?  Is there information about the value of access to educational opportunities?


=Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies=
'''The Second Chance Act of 2008''' authorizes a federal investment in strategies to reduce recidivism and increase public safety while reducing corrections costs for state and local governments.


'''50-State Comparison: Limits on Use of Criminal Record in Employment, Licensing & Housing'''<ref>https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisoncomparison-of-criminal-records-in-licensing-and-employment/</ref> Federal and State summaries with legal citations.
'''BJA''' provides a grant program and technical assistance to state and local corrections agencies. <ref>https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/fy-2022-smart-reentry-and-supervision</ref> This brief provides an overview of assistance programs that support re-entry. <ref>https://bja.ojp.gov/doc/programs-that-support-reentry.pdf</ref>


'''The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Offender Reentry Program (ORP) grants'''<ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/ti-15-012</ref>
'''SAMHSA''' has recently completed a grant cycle through its Offender Reentry Program that is worth monitoring for results and for possible additional grants. <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/ti-18-003</ref>


=Available Tools and Resources=
=Available Tools and Resources=


'''SAMHSA Re-Entry Resources''' A Guide for Individuals, Providers, Communities and States.<ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/criminal_juvenile_justice/reentry-resources-for-consumers-providers-communities-states.pdf</ref>
'''SAMHSA''' has published a guidebook titled, "Continuity of Offender Treatment for Substance Use Disorder from Institution to Community." This is one in SAMHSA's series of Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIPs) and provides guidance for substance use disorder treatment clinicians and case workers in assisting offenders in the transition from the criminal justice system to life after release. <ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-3594.pdf</ref> SAMHSA also has a brief titled "Reentry Resources for Individuals, Providers, Communities and States" which outlines its various re-entry resources  <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/criminal_juvenile_justice/reentry-resources-for-consumers-providers-communities-states.pdf</ref> and has published "After Incarceration: A Guide to Helping Women Reenter the Community." This guide was created for individuals who provide or coordinate reentry services for women involved in the criminal justice system, including corrections staff, reentry organizations, substance use disorder and mental health treatment providers, reentry specialists, and peer specialists. <ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-01-001_508.pdf</ref>
 
'''BJA''' has published "Building an Offender Reentry Program: Guide for Law Enforcement."  <ref>https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/Reentry_LE.pdf</ref>


'''Continuity of Offender Treatment for Substance Use Disorder from Institution to Community'''<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-3594.pdf</ref> This guide provides quick tips including guidance for substance use disorder treatment clinicians and case workers on how to assist offenders in the transition from the criminal justice system to life after release.
'''The National Institute of Justice''' has published a guidebook titled "TPC Reentry Handbook: Implementing the NIC Transition from Prison to the Community Model." <ref>https://nicic.gov/tpc-reentry-handbook-implementing-nic-transition-prison-community-model</ref> It also hosts a website titled "Crime Solutions" that indexes evidence-based practices and programs that are directed to supporting reentry. <ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/programs-practices</ref>  


'''Working with Vocational Rehab Customers with Criminal Backgrounds'''<ref>https://tacqe.com/wp-content/uploads/eri-files/slides_VR-customers-with-criminal-backgrounds_2022_03-18ac.pdf</ref>
'''Vocational Rehab (VR) Resources''' includes a webinar focused on VR for people with criminal backgrounds. <ref>https://tacqe.com/wp-content/uploads/eri-files/slides_VR-customers-with-criminal-backgrounds_2022_03-18ac.pdf</ref> It has a website that provides a 50-State comparison on the use of criminal records in employment, licensing, and housing. <ref>https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisoncomparison-of-criminal-records-in-licensing-and-employment/</ref>  


'''What Works in Reentry Clearinghouse''' -What Works in Reentry Clearinghouse, a “one-stop shop” for research on the effectiveness of a wide variety of reentry programs and practices.<ref>https://whatworks.csgjusticecenter.org/</ref>
'''Second Chance Act Resources''' includes a toolkit for local city, county, and community leaders to provide a foundation to improve reentry policy and practices <ref>https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/toolkits/reentry</ref> and a webinar on funding opportunities. <ref>https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/events/webinar-fy21-sca-adult-reentry-education-employment-treatment-and-recovery</ref>


=Promising Practices=
'''What Works in Reentry Clearinghouse''' is a “one-stop shop” for research on the effectiveness of a wide variety of reentry programs and practices. <ref>https://whatworks.csgjusticecenter.org/</ref>


'''Rhode Island Program to divert Individuals with Substance Use Disorders from Incarceration and into Treatment'''<ref>https://opioidresponsenetwork.org/News/RIDiversionProgram.aspx</ref> Federal grant will help divert people dealing with addiction to treatment rather than jail.
'''The Reentry Volunteer Program''' coordinates volunteers to help guide incarcerated individuals as they work toward a certification, credential, or degree in a variety of skill areas. Evidence-based programs are organized under eight different clusters of programs such as business and finance, health and wellness, and faith-based offerings. <ref>https://volunteer.reentry.gov/Volunteer/s/programs</ref>


'''Community Mediation Maryland Re-Entry Mediation'''<ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/528</ref>The Community Mediation Maryland Re-entry Mediation (CMM) program is focused on building strong community relationships to support reentry of inmates into the community after they are released from prison.
=Promising Practices=


'''Offender Reentry Community Safety Program'''<ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/438,/</ref> Formerly called the Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program, this is a reentry-planning and service program aimed at reducing recidivism for dangerously mentally ill offenders in Washington State.
'''Maryland.''' The Community Mediation Maryland Re-entry Mediation program is focused on building strong community relationships to support reentry of inmates into the community after they are released from prison. <ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/528</ref>


'''Transitional Case Management'''<ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/222</ref> a strengths-based, case management intervention that provided expanded case management services to inmates during their transition from incarceration to the community.
'''Rhode Island''' was the first state correctional system to initiate a comprehensive program to screen all individuals for opioid use disorder, offer FDA–approved MAT to medically eligible incarcerated people, and provide linkage to care in the community after release. In the first year of this program’s implementation, there was a 12% drop in statewide overdose deaths and a 61% drop in post-incarceration overdose deaths. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137785/</ref>  


'''Alameda County (Calif.) Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment Program'''<ref>
'''Washington.''' The Offender Reentry Community Safety Program is a reentry-planning and service program aimed at reducing recidivism for dangerously mentally ill offenders. <ref>https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/438</ref>
https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/517</ref> A post-custody, community-based intervention for individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders.


=Sources=
=Sources=

Latest revision as of 14:36, 1 August 2024

Introductory Paragraph

There is a need to improve reentry after incarceration, because individuals with mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system face many obstacles in reintegrating into society. These obstacles may include challenges with access to health care, job skills, education, housing instability, and a lack of connection within the community. All of this increases hardship with recovery and may facilitate a SUD relapse, putting them back into the criminal justice system. [1] This article describes some of the steps that can be taken to help people move forward with successful recovery.

Key Information

People who are incarcerated and are returning to society have a high risk of overdose fatality because their tolerance to opioids is lower than it was prior to incarceration. An estimated 10-15 percent of the total state and federal prison population, approximately 200,000 people, struggle with opioid dependence or abuse. [2] Of incarcerated adults and juveniles with mental disorders, 60 to 75 percent have co-occurring substance abuse difficulties. [3] More than 50 percent of graduates of many prison treatment programs relapse within 12 months. [4] Upon release from jail or prison, many people with mental or substance use disorders continue to lack access to services and, too often, become enmeshed in a cycle of costly justice system involvement. [5] The social and economic benefits of people remaining substance-free and crime-free after re-entry are well-documented. However, reentry from incarceration to communities requires collaboration between correctional institutions, human services agencies, and communities to provide substance use and mental health services, as well as to enhance education, employment, and health care services. [6]

Relevant Research

This cost/benefit analysis by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University found that only 11% of all inmates with addiction received any treatment during their incarceration. It also found that "if all inmates who needed treatment and aftercare received such services, the nation would break even in a year if just over 10% remained substance-free, crime-free, and employed. Thereafter, for each former inmate who remained substance-free, crime-free, and employed, the nation would reap an economic benefit of $90,953 per year." [7]

The National Institute of Justice at the US Department of Justice performed a meta-analysis of rehabilitation programs to support guidelines for effective practice. [8]

The Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) Study is a report from the Urban Institute, John Jay College, and the National Institute of Corrections titled "Sustaining Systems Change: Findings from a Transition from Jail to Community Initiative Stakeholder Survey." The TJC Initiative sought to improve public safety and to enhance the success of individuals returning to the community from local jails through implementation of innovative, evidence-informed, transition models in four key areas: [9]

  • collaborative structures
  • evidence-based targeted interventions
  • data and self-evaluation
  • sustainability mechanisms and capacity-building

Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies

The Second Chance Act of 2008 authorizes a federal investment in strategies to reduce recidivism and increase public safety while reducing corrections costs for state and local governments.

BJA provides a grant program and technical assistance to state and local corrections agencies. [10] This brief provides an overview of assistance programs that support re-entry. [11]

SAMHSA has recently completed a grant cycle through its Offender Reentry Program that is worth monitoring for results and for possible additional grants. [12]

Available Tools and Resources

SAMHSA has published a guidebook titled, "Continuity of Offender Treatment for Substance Use Disorder from Institution to Community." This is one in SAMHSA's series of Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIPs) and provides guidance for substance use disorder treatment clinicians and case workers in assisting offenders in the transition from the criminal justice system to life after release. [13] SAMHSA also has a brief titled "Reentry Resources for Individuals, Providers, Communities and States" which outlines its various re-entry resources [14] and has published "After Incarceration: A Guide to Helping Women Reenter the Community." This guide was created for individuals who provide or coordinate reentry services for women involved in the criminal justice system, including corrections staff, reentry organizations, substance use disorder and mental health treatment providers, reentry specialists, and peer specialists. [15]

BJA has published "Building an Offender Reentry Program: Guide for Law Enforcement." [16]

The National Institute of Justice has published a guidebook titled "TPC Reentry Handbook: Implementing the NIC Transition from Prison to the Community Model." [17] It also hosts a website titled "Crime Solutions" that indexes evidence-based practices and programs that are directed to supporting reentry. [18]

Vocational Rehab (VR) Resources includes a webinar focused on VR for people with criminal backgrounds. [19] It has a website that provides a 50-State comparison on the use of criminal records in employment, licensing, and housing. [20]

Second Chance Act Resources includes a toolkit for local city, county, and community leaders to provide a foundation to improve reentry policy and practices [21] and a webinar on funding opportunities. [22]

What Works in Reentry Clearinghouse is a “one-stop shop” for research on the effectiveness of a wide variety of reentry programs and practices. [23]

The Reentry Volunteer Program coordinates volunteers to help guide incarcerated individuals as they work toward a certification, credential, or degree in a variety of skill areas. Evidence-based programs are organized under eight different clusters of programs such as business and finance, health and wellness, and faith-based offerings. [24]

Promising Practices

Maryland. The Community Mediation Maryland Re-entry Mediation program is focused on building strong community relationships to support reentry of inmates into the community after they are released from prison. [25]

Rhode Island was the first state correctional system to initiate a comprehensive program to screen all individuals for opioid use disorder, offer FDA–approved MAT to medically eligible incarcerated people, and provide linkage to care in the community after release. In the first year of this program’s implementation, there was a 12% drop in statewide overdose deaths and a 61% drop in post-incarceration overdose deaths. [26]

Washington. The Offender Reentry Community Safety Program is a reentry-planning and service program aimed at reducing recidivism for dangerously mentally ill offenders. [27]

Sources

  1. ↑ https://tacqe.com/reentry-resources/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=reentry-resources
  2. ↑ https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf
  3. ↑ https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/022669.pdf
  4. ↑ Inciardi, J. A., MartIn, S. S., & ButzIn, C. A. (2004). Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison. Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258874
  5. ↑ The Revolving Door of American’s Prisons.(2011). State of Recidivism, Retrieved December 5, 2019, from http://pew.org/1SIW19g
  6. ↑ https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/022669.pdf
  7. ↑ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509000.pdf
  8. ↑ https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedpractices/101#eb
  9. ↑ https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/sustaining-systems-change-findings-TJC-initiative-stakeholder
  10. ↑ https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/fy-2022-smart-reentry-and-supervision
  11. ↑ https://bja.ojp.gov/doc/programs-that-support-reentry.pdf
  12. ↑ https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/ti-18-003
  13. ↑ https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-3594.pdf
  14. ↑ https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/criminal_juvenile_justice/reentry-resources-for-consumers-providers-communities-states.pdf
  15. ↑ https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-01-001_508.pdf
  16. ↑ https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/Reentry_LE.pdf
  17. ↑ https://nicic.gov/tpc-reentry-handbook-implementing-nic-transition-prison-community-model
  18. ↑ https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/programs-practices
  19. ↑ https://tacqe.com/wp-content/uploads/eri-files/slides_VR-customers-with-criminal-backgrounds_2022_03-18ac.pdf
  20. ↑ https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisoncomparison-of-criminal-records-in-licensing-and-employment/
  21. ↑ https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/resources/toolkits/reentry
  22. ↑ https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/events/webinar-fy21-sca-adult-reentry-education-employment-treatment-and-recovery
  23. ↑ https://whatworks.csgjusticecenter.org/
  24. ↑ https://volunteer.reentry.gov/Volunteer/s/programs
  25. ↑ https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/528
  26. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137785/
  27. ↑ https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/438
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