Reduce Criminal Diversion of Prescription Drugs

Introductory Paragraph

Drug diversion is the illegal distribution or abuse of prescription drugs or their use for purposes not intended by the prescriber. Inciardi et al. (2006), defines prescription drug diversion as the illegal way of acquiring or distributing controlled medicinal drugs for any use. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services the most common types of drug diversion include:

• Selling prescription drugs
• Doctor shopping
• Illegal internet pharmacies
• Drug theft
• Prescription pad theft and forgery
• Illicit prescribing

Key Information

The potential for misuse of opioids and other medications used to treat pain by patients suffering from chronic ongoing pain is high. Patients may abuse their own medication and may divert by obtaining medications under false pretenses or by reselling medications prescribed to them. Physicians are in the forefront of managing chronic pain for their patients and play a key role in drug diversion. It is estimated that this may affect 15 percent to 30 percent of the general population of the United States – as many as 70 million individuals. Prevention strategies include training to identify points of diversion, improve drug monitoring, and recognition of signs of drug diversion. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) provides tips on recognizing signs of diversion. These include:

• Strange stories. Be wary of new patients with stories that don’t seem quite right. Diverters often claim to be traveling through town on business or visiting relatives. Occasionally, they’ll pose as government officials or pharmaceutical company representatives. They may be excessively complimentary about the office facilities or your appearance or medical reputation in the community. They may deliberately request appointments toward the end of the day or may show up just after regular office hours. One common ploy diverters use is to ask to be seen immediately or to be given a prescription right away because they have to “catch a plane” or “get to an important appointment.” They may claim that they have lost a paper prescription, forgotten to pack their medication or had their medication stolen.

• Reluctance to cooperate. Diverters often refuse a physical exam and are unwilling to give permission to access past medical records or allow contact with previous providers. If pressed, they may claim they cannot precisely remember where they were last treated or that the previous clinic, hospital or provider has gone out of business. In many cases, these patients leave the office suddenly if things are not going their way.

• Unusually high (or low) understanding of medications. Be alert when patients appear to be extremely well-informed about specific medications. While it is true that people who have been sick for a long time often learn much about their disease process and know the medications that work best for them, this is also true of diverters. They often appear to have a familiarity with diseases that comes straight from textbooks rather than real life. Some diverters may feign naiveté by deliberately mispronouncing medication names or seeming to be uninformed about their underlying medical condition.

• Strange symptoms. Diverters may exaggerate or feign symptoms. Certain complaints are typical, such as back pain, kidney stones, migraine headaches, toothaches or post-herpetic neuralgia. Some diverters may even attempt to alter urine samples by pricking a finger and putting a drop of blood in the specimen to corroborate their story of renal colic.

• Specific drug requests. Because many diverters are very knowledgeable about controlled substances, they may request specific medication brands and resist any of your attempts to prescribe generic forms and substitutes, stating that they are “allergic” or that a particular alternative has never provided relief for them in the past.

Relevant Research

• The Department of Justice has funded a research summary on diversion titled "Illegal Prescription Drug Market Interventions."

• The Mayo Clinic has documented steps that have been taken to reduce drug diversion by its healthcare workers in a report titled "Diversion of Drugs Within Health Care Facilities, a Multiple-Victim Crime: Patterns of Diversion, Scope, Consequences, Detection, and Prevention."

Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies

The Affordable Care Act The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, has published an issue brief titled "Continuing Progress on the Opioid Epidemic: The Role of the Affordable Care Act."

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is a federal drug law regulating the manufacture and distribution of controlled substances. Since the 1970s, every person who orders, handles, stores or distributes controlled substances is required to register with the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). "Registrants must maintain accurate inventories and records, and must have specific security controls and operating procedures in place to guard against theft and diversion." In addition, the CSA requires all prescriptions for controlled substances to be issued for a medical purpose by an individual practitioner acting in the usual course of medical practice. The CSA categorizes drugs into one of five schedules based on each drug’s medical use and its potential for abuse or dependency. The DEA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have authority to add or remove drugs from the different schedules.The most harmful substances are placed in Schedule I, and the rest appear in descending order as follows:

• Schedule I: heroin, ecstasy, LSD, marijuana
• Schedule II: morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine
• Schedule III: Vicodin, anabolic steroids
• Schedule IV: Ambien, Soma, Valium
• Schedule V: Lyrica, cough suppressants

Available Tools and Resources

SAFE Project:

• The Integrated-Forensic Peer Recovery Specialist (I-FPRS) Training by SAFE Project is a comprehensive set of curriculums designed for Peer Recovery Specialists, organizations, and groups working with justice-involved individuals who experience substance use disorders. This training equips participants to navigate the intersection of behavioral health and the criminal justice system.
• See the wiki titled "Disrupt the Supply of Illegal Drugs" for more detailed information on how all levels of government are working together to stop the supply of illegal drugs reaching communities across the country and the world.

The Office of Diversion Control within DEA provides a website with current information on drug diversion. It has published an informational outline of the CSA fpr pharmacists.

The US Department of Health and Human Services has a fact sheet for the prescriber's role in drug diversion.

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) provides detailed information on how prescribers can prevent drug diversion. The Center for Program Integrity within CMS promotes a variety of strategies for states to reduce drug diversion in Medicaid.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) provides a website with multiple resources for pharmacy technicians on controlled substances diversion.

The Real Reporting Foundation is a nonprofit which maintains a website titled "Drug Policy Facts." It covers numerous topics, and one extensive chapter of their website is devoted to the diversion of prescription drugs.

Promising Practices

The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) has published a call to action and issue brief. It details the justice system use of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs).